Dungeons & Dragons | |
---|---|
Directed by | Courtney Solomon |
Produced by |
|
Written by | |
Starring | |
Music by | Justin Caine Burnett |
Cinematography | Douglas Milsome |
Edited by | Caroline Ross |
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Distributed by | New Line Cinema |
| |
108 minutes[1] | |
Country |
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Language | English |
Budget | $45 million |
Box office | $33.8 million |
Dungeons & Dragons is a 2000 American actionadventurefantasy film directed by Courtney Solomon, written by Carroll Cartwright and Topper Lilien, and based on the Dungeons & Dragons role-playing game. Among the more notable features of the otherwise poorly received film are cameo appearances by Richard O'Brien (in a parody of his TV program The Crystal Maze) and Tom Baker. Parts of the film were made on location at Sedlec Ossuary.[2]
Despite its poor box office performance and critical failure, a made-for-TVsequel, Wrath of the Dragon God was released in 2005. It was not a direct continuation of the storyline of the previous film, though Bruce Payne's character, Damodar, makes a return. A third film, The Book of Vile Darkness, was shot in 2011[3] and direct-to-DVD released in the United Kingdom on August 9, 2012.
- 3Reception
Plot[edit]
The Empire of Izmir has long been a divided land, ruled by the Mages, an elite group of warlocks. An evil mage named Profion creates a magical sceptre that can allow him to control Red dragons, but his attempt to control a captive one fails, and he is forced to kill it. As he begins to make new plans, the dragon bleeds into the river, causing it to catch fire, which many inhabitants notice, including a pair of teenage thieves, Ridley and his best friend Snails.
Later, Profion and the Council discuss about the controversial views of Empress Savina, who wants to give rights to non-mages in Izmir. When the Council threatens to confiscate the scepter that allows her to control Gold dragons, she decides to seek the Rod of Savrille, which controls Red dragons. Profion learns of this and decides to take the Rod himself. Meanwhile, Ridley and Snails break into the magic school to steal valuables and many other items, but are discovered by Marina. She is distracted when the Library wizard is held hostage and interrogated by Profion's hideous assistant Damodar for information on the map to the Rod. After refusing to talk, Damodar kills him. Marina gets the map and travels through a portal to escape, taking the thieves with her. After crashing into a pile of garbage, they meet a dwarf named Elwood, who ends up joining Ridley, Snails and Marina escaping through the sewers.
Damodar puts a price on Marina, Ridley, Snails and Elwood's heads and after letting Profion know that the group got away with the map, Profion creates a tentacled monster inside Damodar which controls his body. The group hide inside a tavern and read the map that Ridley and Marina get sucked into. Damodar and his minions attack Elwood and Snails, but they manage to get away with the map. Ridley and Marina exit the map and all decide to work together to find the Rod. They have to find a ruby called the 'Eye of the Dragon' that can open the door to a tomb where the sceptre rests. The ruby is located in a den of thieves that is led by Xilus who'll give the group the 'Eye of the Dragon' if Ridley solves a maze puzzle of traps. Ridley manages to get the 'Eye of the Dragon' when Damodar suddenly arrives to capture him and his friends. Marina is captured instead while Ridley, Snails and Elwood escape, meeting an elf named Norda who works for Empress Savina and informs the Empress about Profion's plan to get the Rod. In his castle, Damodar interrogates Marina and uses the tentacles in his mind to gain her knowledge.
Ridley and Snails break into Damodar's castle to rescue Marina, while Norda and Elwood stay behind. After Ridley and Snails decide to split up, Ridley finds and rescues Marina, but Snails is confronted by Damodar after he finds the map and a fight ensues between the two with Damodar gaining the upper hand. When Ridley and Marina arrive, Snails throws the map to his comrades before Damodar kills him and throws his body off the castle. Ridley becomes enraged over the death of his friend and attacks Damodar, but he disarms him and stabs Ridley with his own sword. In the confusion, Marina grabs some magic dust and creates a magic portal to escape with Ridley. Meanwhile during a Council meeting, Profion and Empress Savina's factions decide battle for control of Izmir using magic.
At the same time, an elf heals Ridley along with Norda's soldiers. Later, Marina tries to help Ridley get over the death of Snails, but Ridley furiously scolds her. After a brief argument in which Marina convinces Ridley that Snails didn't die in vain, the two forgive each other and become love interests. Ridley later uses the 'Eye of the Dragon' to finally get the Rod, which is held by a skeleton of the mage Savrille in the tomb that comes to life and warns Ridley that 'he is Savrille and that he is eternally cursed for trying to control the red dragon. Anyone who wields the power of the Rod shall suffer a horrible fate', but Damodar arrives to steal the Rod.
Profion travels back to the capital with the Rod, where the Empress and her Gold dragons are battling the Mages following Profion below, to bring it to Profion, but Ridley and his friends follow in pursuit. Profion removes the monster from Damodar's body and uses the Rod to summon Red dragons, which battle the Gold dragons and slowly begin to win the fight. Ridley comes across Damodar, duels him with his new magic sword and then kills him before hurling his body off the castle wall. He then attacks Profion, who disarms him and shoves him back. Ridley's companions arrive and fight Profion one at a time. Ridley picks up the fallen Rod, and uses it to stop the red dragons. Marina encourages Ridley to use the Rod to bring Profion down, but Ridley, realizing the Rods power will corrupt him, refuses and destroys it. Empress Savina arrives and condemns Profion, who fights her with powerful magic, but she succeeds in summoning a Gold dragon which devours Profion, thus ending the battle.
Ridley later visits Snails's grave with Norda, Marina and Elwood and pays tribute to his fallen comrade. When he places the 'Eye of the Dragon' on the grave, Snails' name disappears, and Norda tells Ridley not to question his abilities. Norda then uses the 'Eye of the Dragon' to transport Ridley to another place in the world where 'your friend awaits you', along with herself, Marina and Elwood.
Cast[edit]
- Justin Whalin as Ridley Freeborn
- Marlon Wayans as Snails
- Jeremy Irons as Mage Profion
- Thora Birch as Empress Savina
- Bruce Payne as Damodar
- Edward Jewesbury as Vildan Vildir
- Zoe McLellan as Marina Pretensa
- Kristen Wilson as Norda
- Lee Arenberg as Elwood
- Richard O'Brien as Xilus
- Tom Baker as Halvarth the Elf
- Robert Miano as Azmath
- Tomas Havrlik and Stanislav Ondricek as Mages
- Martin Astles and Matthew O'Toole as Orcs
- David O'Kelly as Three Eyes
- Kia Jam, Nicolas Rochette, and David Mandis as thieves
- Robert Henny as Crimson Brigade
- Roman Hemala as Council Mage
- Andrew Blau and Marta Urbanová as elves
- Jirí Machácek as Loyalist General
- Dave Arneson makes a cameo appearance in deleted scenes
Reception[edit]
Critical reaction to the film was largely negative. The film has a score of 10% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 91 reviews, the consensus stating: 'Critics say this movie has a cheap look and is badly directed. Despite the presence of talented actors, the performances are really bad, and additionally, some people are offended at Marlon Wayans' character, calling it a racist throwback to black stereotypes.'[4] The film has a score of 14 on Metacritic based on 25 reviews. Geoff Pevere of the Toronto Star called the film 'A wheezy quest story steeped in hobbity gibberish and second-hand Star Wars costumery, featuring a cast so uniformly uncharismatic you may pine for the methody depths of Kerwin Mathews (apart, of course, from the reversely charismatic Irons), the movie has the cheap software look of something found on the Space channel at 4 a.m.'.[5] Steve Biodrowski of mania.com comments: 'Let's just say that if it weren't for Lost Souls (also a New Line release, coincidentally), this would be a strong contender for the Worst Film of the Year.'[6] In February 2010, the readers of Empire voted Dungeons & Dragons the 39th worst film of all time.[7]
Solomon blamed the quality of the film on its investors and license-holders' interference, as well as his own inexperience in filmmaking. He states that he had only intended to produce the film, but was forced to direct by his investors after nearly a decade of complications dealing with TSR and Wizards of the Coast. He also claims that he was forced to use an older script despite having written an updated version that fit the Dungeons and Dragons license better.[8]
Box office[edit]
The film opened at #5 at the North American box office making USD$7,237,422 in its opening weekend.[9] The film would go on to gross $15,220,685 in the domestic box office, short of the film's $45 million budget, and with an international gross of $18,586,724, coming up with a worldwide total of $33,807,409.[10]
Awards and nominations[edit]
Award | Category | Subject | Result |
---|---|---|---|
Stinkers Bad Movie Awards[11] | Worst Picture | Courtney Solomon | Nominated |
Thomas M. Hammel | Nominated | ||
Kia Jam | Nominated | ||
Steve Richards | Nominated | ||
Worst Sense of Direction | Courtney Solomon | Nominated | |
Worst Supporting Actor | Jeremy Irons | Nominated | |
Worst Supporting Actress | Thora Birch | Nominated | |
Worst On-Screen Group | The entire cast | Nominated | |
Most Intrusive Musical Score | Justin Caine Burnett | Nominated | |
Least 'Special' Special Effects | Nominated | ||
Most Unfunny Comic Relief | Marlon Wayans as Snails | Nominated | |
Young Artist Awards | Best Supporting Young Actress | Thora Birch | Nominated |
Saturn Awards | Cinescape Genre Face of the Future Award | Nominated |
Roleplaying game[edit]
Wizards of the Coast released a Fast-Play Game based on the movie called 'The Sewers of Sumdall'. It is a DVD-ROM feature on the DVD as a printable PDF file.[12][13]
Reboot[edit]
In August 2015, Warner Bros developed a reboot of Dungeons and Dragons,[14] with Rob Letterman directing.[15] In December 2017, Paramount Pictures picked up the project with a July 23, 2021 release date.[16]
References[edit]
- ^'Dungeons & Dragons (12)'. British Board of Film Classification. January 29, 2001. Retrieved September 24, 2016.
- ^'My Czech Republic'. My Czech Republic. Retrieved July 20, 2012.
- ^Dungeons & Dragons: The Book of Vile Darkness, as mentioned in IGN movies
- ^Dungeons & Dragons at Rotten Tomatoes
- ^''There's no dice for D&D''. Archived from the original on January 24, 2001. Retrieved June 19, 2013.CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link). Toronto Star, December 8, 2000. Retrieved June 19, 2013.
- ^'Dungeons & Dragons'. Archived from the original on March 20, 2014. Retrieved March 19, 2014.
- ^'The 50 Worst Films Ever -> 39. Dungeons and Dragons'. Empire (London). February 3, 2010. Retrieved June 9, 2014.
- ^'INTERVIEW: COURTNEY SOLOMON (AN AMERICAN HAUNTING)'. Archived from the original on June 7, 2011. Retrieved April 21, 2012.CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
- ^'Weekend Box Office Results for December 8–10, 2000'. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved October 18, 2013.
- ^'Dungeons & Dragons (2000)', Box Office Mojo, retrieved October 18, 2013
- ^'2000 23rd Hastings Bad Cinema Society Stinkers Awards'. Stinkers Bad Movie Awards. Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on October 17, 2006. Retrieved July 9, 2013.
- ^'Dungeons & Dragons: the Movie – DVD Coupon Offer'. Wizards.com. December 31, 2001. Retrieved October 18, 2013.
- ^'Dungeons & Dragons (New Line Platinum Series): Justin Whalin, Jeremy Irons, Zoe McLellan, Bruce Payne, Marlon Wayans, Robert Miano, Tomas Havrlik, Thora Birch, Edward Jewesbury, Lee Arenberg, Kristen Wilson, Martin Astles, Courtney Solomon, Allan Zeman, Allen Crawford, Ann Flagella, Bob Dahlin, Carroll Cartwright, E. Gary Gygax, Topper Lilien: Movies & TV'. Amazon.com. Retrieved October 18, 2013.
- ^Cunningham, Todd (August 3, 2015). ''Dungeons & Dragons' Movie Put on Fast Track at Warner Bros'. The Wrap. Retrieved January 12, 2018.
- ^Galuppo, Mia (June 7, 2016). ''Goosebumps' Director Rob Letterman to Take On 'Dungeons & Dragons''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 12, 2018.
- ^Couch, Aaron (December 18, 2017). 'Paramount Sets 'G.I. Joe,' 'Dungeons & Dragons' Release Dates'. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 12, 2018.
External links[edit]
- Dungeons & Dragons on IMDb
- Dungeons & Dragons: The Movie title listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
- Dungeons & Dragons at AllMovie
- Dungeons & Dragons at Rotten Tomatoes
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dungeons_%26_Dragons_(film)&oldid=904161652'
(Redirected from D&D)
Designer(s) | Gary Gygax Dave Arneson |
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Publisher(s) | TSR, Wizards of the Coast |
Publication date |
|
Years active | 1974–present |
Genre(s) | Fantasy |
System(s) | Dungeons & Dragons d20 System (3rd Edition) |
Playing time | Varies |
Random chance | Dice rolling |
Skill(s) required | Role-playing, improvisation, tactics, arithmetic |
Website | dnd.wizards.com |
Dungeons & Dragons (commonly abbreviated as D&D)[2] is a fantasytabletop role-playing game (RPG) originally designed by Gary Gygax and Dave Arneson.[3] It was first published in 1974 by Tactical Studies Rules, Inc. (TSR). The game has been published by Wizards of the Coast (now a subsidiary of Hasbro) since 1997. It was derived from miniature wargames, with a variation of the 1971 game Chainmail serving as the initial rule system.[4]D&D's publication is commonly recognized as the beginning of modern role-playing games and the role-playing game industry.[5]
D&D departs from traditional wargaming by allowing each player to create their own character to play instead of a military formation. These characters embark upon imaginary adventures within a fantasy setting. A Dungeon Master (DM) serves as the game's referee and storyteller, while maintaining the setting in which the adventures occur, and playing the role of the inhabitants of the game world. The characters form a party and they interact with the setting's inhabitants and each other. Together they solve dilemmas, engage in battles, and gather treasure and knowledge.[5] In the process, the characters earn experience points (XP) in order to rise in levels, and become increasingly powerful over a series of separate gaming sessions.
The early success of D&D led to a proliferation of similar game systems. Despite the competition, D&D has remained as the market leader in the role-playing game industry.[6] In 1977, the game was split into two branches: the relatively rules-light game system of basic Dungeons & Dragons, and the more structured, rules-heavy game system of Advanced Dungeons & Dragons (abbreviated as AD&D).[1][2][7]AD&D 2nd Edition was published in 1989. In 2000, a new system was released as D&D 3rd edition, continuing the edition numbering from AD&D; a revised version 3.5 was released in June 2003. These 3rd edition rules formed the basis of the d20 System, which is available under the Open Game License (OGL) for use by other publishers. D&D 4th edition was released in June 2008.[8][9] The 5th edition of D&D, the most recent, was released during the second half of 2014.[10]
As of 2004, D&D remained the best-known,[11] and best-selling,[12] role-playing game, with an estimated 20 million people having played the game, and more than US$1 billion in book and equipment sales.[13] The game has been supplemented by many pre-made adventures, as well as commercial campaign settings suitable for use by regular gaming groups. D&D is known beyond the game itself for other D&D-branded products, references in popular culture, and some of the controversies that have surrounded it, particularly a moral panic in the 1980s falsely linking it to Satanism and suicide.[14][15] The game has won multiple awards and has been translated into many languages.
- 1Play overview
- 2Game history
- 2.2Edition history
Play overview[edit]
An elaborate D&D game in progress. Among the gaming aids here are dice, a variety of miniatures and a dungeon diorama.
Dungeons & Dragons is a structured yet open-ended role-playing game. It is normally played indoors with the participants seated around a tabletop. Typically, each player controls only a single character, which represents an individual in a fictional setting.[16] When working together as a group, these player characters (PCs) are often described as a 'party' of adventurers, with each member often having their own area of specialty which contributes to the success of the whole.[17][18] During the course of play, each player directs the actions of their character and their interactions with other characters in the game.[19][20] This activity is performed through the verbal impersonation of the characters by the players, while employing a variety of social and other useful cognitive skills, such as logic, basic mathematics and imagination.[21] A game often continues over a series of meetings to complete a single adventure, and longer into a series of related gaming adventures, called a 'campaign'.[22][23]
The results of the party's choices and the overall storyline for the game are determined by the Dungeon Master (DM) according to the rules of the game and the DM's interpretation of those rules.[24][25] The DM selects and describes the various non-player characters (NPCs) that the party encounters, the settings in which these interactions occur, and the outcomes of those encounters based on the players' choices and actions.[20][26] Encounters often take the form of battles with 'monsters' – a generic term used in D&D to describe potentially hostile beings such as animals, aberrant beings, or mythical creatures.[27] The game's extensive rules – which cover diverse subjects such as social interactions,[28]magic use,[29] combat,[30] and the effect of the environment on PCs[31] – help the DM to make these decisions. The DM may choose to deviate from the published rules[24] or make up new ones if they feel it is necessary.[32]
The most recent versions of the game's rules are detailed in three core rulebooks: The Player's Handbook, the Dungeon Master's Guide and the Monster Manual.
The only items required to play the game are the rulebooks, a character sheet for each player, and a number of polyhedral dice. Many players also use miniature figures on a grid map as a visual aid, particularly during combat. Some editions of the game presume such usage.[33] Many optional accessories are available to enhance the game, such as expansion rulebooks, pre-designed adventures and various campaign settings.[34]
Game mechanics[edit]
The three core rulebooks of Dungeons & Dragons (version 3.5)
D&D uses polyhedral dice to resolve in-game events. These are abbreviated by a 'd' followed by the number of sides. Shown counter-clockwise from the bottom are: d4, d6, d8, d10, d12 and d20 dice. A pair of d10 can be used together to represent percentile dice, or d100.
Before the game begins, each player creates their player character and records the details (described below) on a character sheet. First, a player determines their character's ability scores, which consist of Strength, Constitution, Dexterity, Intelligence, Wisdom, and Charisma. Each edition of the game has offered differing methods of determining these statistics.[35] The player then chooses a race (species) such as human or elf, a character class (occupation) such as fighter or wizard, an alignment (a moral and ethical outlook), and other features to round out the character's abilities and backstory, which have varied in nature through differing editions.
During the game, players describe their PCs' intended actions, such as punching an opponent or picking a lock, and converse with the DM, who then describes the result or response.[36] Trivial actions, such as picking up a letter or opening an unlocked door, are usually automatically successful. The outcomes of more complex or risky actions are determined by rolling dice.[20] Factors contributing to the outcome include the character's ability scores, skills and the difficulty of the task.[37] In circumstances where a character does not have control of an event, such as when a trap or magical effect is triggered or a spell is cast, a saving throw can be used to determine whether the resulting damage is reduced or avoided.[38][39] In this case the odds of success are influenced by the character's class, levels and ability scores.[38][40]
As the game is played, each PC changes over time and generally increases in capability. Characters gain (or sometimes lose) experience, skills[41] and wealth, and may even alter their alignment[42] or gain additional character classes.[43] The key way characters progress is by earning experience points (XP), which happens when they defeat an enemy or accomplish a difficult task.[44] Acquiring enough XP allows a PC to advance a level, which grants the character improved class features, abilities and skills.[45] XP can be lost in some circumstances, such as encounters with creatures that drain life energy, or by use of certain magical powers that come with an XP cost.[46]
Hit points (HP) are a measure of a character's vitality and health and are determined by the class, level and constitution of each character. They can be temporarily lost when a character sustains wounds in combat or otherwise comes to harm, and loss of HP is the most common way for a character to die in the game.[47] Death can also result from the loss of key ability scores[48] or character levels.[49] When a PC dies, it is often possible for the dead character to be resurrected through magic, although some penalties may be imposed as a result. If resurrection is not possible or not desired, the player may instead create a new PC to resume playing the game.[50]
Adventures and campaigns[edit]
A typical Dungeons & Dragons game consists of an 'adventure', which is roughly equivalent to a single story.[51] The DM can either design an original adventure, or follow one of the many pre-made adventures (also known as 'modules') that have been published throughout the history of Dungeons & Dragons. Published adventures typically include a background story, illustrations, maps and goals for PCs to achieve. Some include location descriptions and handouts. Although a small adventure entitled 'Temple of the Frog' was included in the Blackmoor rules supplement in 1975, the first stand-alone D&D module published by TSR was 1978's Steading of the Hill Giant Chief, written by Gygax.
A linked series of adventures is commonly referred to as a 'campaign'.[52] The locations where these adventures occur, such as a city, country, planet or an entire fictional universe, are referred to as 'campaign settings' or 'world'.[53]D&D settings are based in various fantasy genres and feature different levels and types of magic and technology.[54] Popular commercially published campaign settings for Dungeons & Dragons include Greyhawk, Dragonlance, Forgotten Realms, Mystara, Spelljammer, Ravenloft, Dark Sun, Planescape, Birthright, and Eberron. Alternatively, DMs may develop their own fictional worlds to use as campaign settings.
Miniature figures[edit]
![Dungeons & dragons 2000 movie Dungeons & dragons 2000 movie](/uploads/1/2/3/9/123953554/355124177.jpg)
Dungeons & Dragons miniature figures. The grid mat underneath uses one-inch squares.
The wargames from which Dungeons & Dragons evolved used miniature figures to represent combatants. D&D initially continued the use of miniatures in a fashion similar to its direct precursors. The original D&D set of 1974 required the use of the Chainmail miniatures game for combat resolution.[55] By the publication of the 1977 game editions, combat was mostly resolved verbally. Thus miniatures were no longer required for game play, although some players continued to use them as a visual reference.[56]
In the 1970s, numerous companies began to sell miniature figures specifically for Dungeons & Dragons and similar games. Licensed miniature manufacturers who produced official figures include Grenadier Miniatures (1980–1983),[57]Citadel Miniatures (1984–1986),[58]Ral Partha,[59] and TSR itself.[60] Most of these miniatures used the 25 mm scale.
Periodically, Dungeons & Dragons has returned to its wargaming roots with supplementary rules systems for miniatures-based wargaming. Supplements such as Battlesystem (1985 & 1989) and a new edition of Chainmail (2001)[61] provided rule systems to handle battles between armies by using miniatures.
Game history[edit]
Sources and influences[edit]
An immediate predecessor of Dungeons & Dragons was a set of medieval miniature rules written by Jeff Perren. These were expanded by Gary Gygax, whose additions included a fantasy supplement, before the game was published as Chainmail. When Dave Wesely entered the Army in 1970, his friend and fellow Napoleonics wargamer Dave Arneson began a medieval variation of Wesely's Braunstein games, where players control individuals instead of armies.[62] Arneson used Chainmail to resolve combat.[4] As play progressed, Arneson added such innovations as character classes, experience points, level advancement, armor class, and others.[62] Having partnered previously with Gygax on Don't Give Up the Ship!, Arneson introduced Gygax to his Blackmoor game and the two then collaborated on developing 'The Fantasy Game', the game that became Dungeons & Dragons, with the final writing and preparation of the text being done by Gygax.[2][63][64] The name was chosen by Gygax's two-year-old daughter Cindy; upon being presented with a number of choices of possible names, she exclaimed, 'Oh Daddy, I like Dungeons & Dragons best!', although less prevalent versions of the story gave credit to his wife Mary Jo.[65]:101
Many Dungeons & Dragons elements appear in hobbies of the mid-to-late 20th century. For example, character-based role playing can be seen in improvisational theatre.[66] Game-world simulations were well developed in wargaming. Fantasy milieux specifically designed for gaming could be seen in Glorantha's board games among others.[67] Ultimately, however, Dungeons & Dragons represents a unique blending of these elements.
The world of D&D was influenced by world mythology, history, pulp fiction, and contemporary fantasy novels. The importance of J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit as an influence on D&D is controversial. The presence in the game of halflings, elves, half-elves, dwarves, orcs, rangers, and the like, draw comparisons to these works. The resemblance was even closer before the threat of copyright action from Tolkien Enterprises prompted the name changes of hobbit to 'halfling', ent to 'treant', and balrog to 'balor'. For many years, Gygax played down the influence of Tolkien on the development of the game.[68][69][70] However, in an interview in 2000, he acknowledged that Tolkien's work had a 'strong impact' though he also said that the list of other influential authors was long.[71]
The D&D magic system, in which wizards memorize spells that are used up once cast and must be re-memorized the next day, was heavily influenced by the Dying Earth stories and novels of Jack Vance.[72] The original alignment system (which grouped all characters and creatures into 'Law', 'Neutrality' and 'Chaos') was derived from the novel Three Hearts and Three Lions by Poul Anderson.[73] A troll described in this work influenced the D&D definition of that monster.[69]
Other influences include the works of Robert E. Howard, Edgar Rice Burroughs, A. Merritt, H. P. Lovecraft, Fritz Leiber, L. Sprague de Camp, Fletcher Pratt, Roger Zelazny, and Michael Moorcock.[74] Monsters, spells, and magic items used in the game have been inspired by hundreds of individual works such as A. E. van Vogt's 'Black Destroyer', Coeurl (the Displacer Beast), Lewis Carroll's 'Jabberwocky' (vorpal sword) and the Book of Genesis (the clerical spell 'Blade Barrier' was inspired by the 'flaming sword which turned every way' at the gates of Eden).[73]
Edition history[edit]
Dungeons & Dragons has gone through several revisions. Parallel versions and inconsistent naming practices can make it difficult to distinguish between the different editions.
Original game[edit]
The original Dungeons & Dragons set.
The original Dungeons & Dragons, now referred to as OD&D,[75] was a small box set of three booklets published in 1974. It was amateurish in production and assumed the player was familiar with wargaming. Nevertheless, it grew rapidly in popularity, first among wargamers and then expanding to a more general audience of college and high school students. Roughly 1,000 copies of the game were sold in the first year followed by 3,000 in 1975, and much more in the following years.[76] This first set went through many printings and was supplemented with several official additions, such as the original Greyhawk and Blackmoor supplements (both 1975),[77] as well as magazine articles in TSR's official publications and many fanzines.
Two-pronged strategy[edit]
First edition Advanced Dungeons & Dragons Dungeon Masters Guide.
In early 1977, TSR created the first element of a two-pronged strategy that would divide D&D for nearly two decades. A Dungeons & Dragons Basic Set boxed edition was introduced that cleaned up the presentation of the essential rules, made the system understandable to the general public, and was sold in a package that could be stocked in toy stores.[64] Later in 1977, the first part of Advanced Dungeons & Dragons (AD&D) was published,[64] which brought together the various published rules, options and corrections, then expanded them into a definitive, unified game for hobbyist gamers. TSR marketed them as an introductory game for new players and a more complex game for experienced ones; the Basic Set directed players who exhausted the possibilities of that game to switch to the advanced rules.
As a result of this parallel development, the basic game included many rules and concepts which contradicted comparable ones in AD&D. John Eric Holmes, the editor of the basic game, preferred a lighter tone with more room for personal improvisation. AD&D, on the other hand, was designed to create a tighter, more structured game system than the loose framework of the original game.[7] Between 1977 and 1979, three hardcover rulebooks, commonly referred to as the 'core rulebooks', were released: the Player's Handbook (PHB), the Dungeon Master's Guide (DMG), and the Monster Manual (MM). Several supplementary books were published throughout the 1980s, notably Unearthed Arcana (1985) that included a large number of new rules.[64] Confusing matters further, the original D&D boxed set remained in publication until 1979, since it remained a healthy seller for TSR.[67]
Revised editions[edit]
In the 1980s, the rules for Advanced Dungeons & Dragons and 'basic' Dungeons & Dragons remained separate, each developing along different paths.
In 1981, the basic version of Dungeons & Dragons was revised by Tom Moldvay to make it even more novice-friendly. It was promoted as a continuation of the original D&D tone, whereas AD&D was promoted as advancement of the mechanics.[7] An accompanying Expert Set, originally written by David 'Zeb' Cook, allowed players to continue using the simpler ruleset beyond the early levels of play. In 1983, revisions of those sets by Frank Mentzer were released, revising the presentation of the rules to a more tutorial format. These were followed by Companion (1983), Master (1985), and Immortals (1986) sets.[78][79] Each set covered game play for more powerful characters than the previous.[80] The first four sets were compiled in 1991 as a single hardcover book, the Dungeons & Dragons Rules Cyclopedia, which was released alongside a new introductory boxed set.
Advanced Dungeons & Dragons 2nd Edition was published in 1989,[64] again as three core rulebooks; the primary designer was David 'Zeb' Cook. The Monster Manual was replaced by the Monstrous Compendium, a loose-leaf binder that was subsequently replaced by the hardcover Monstrous Manual in 1993. In 1995, the core rulebooks were slightly revised, although still referred to by TSR as the 2nd Edition,[81] and a series of Player's Option manuals were released as optional rulebooks.[64]
The release of AD&D 2nd Edition deliberately excluded some aspects of the game that had attracted negative publicity. References to demons and devils, sexually suggestive artwork, and playable, evil-aligned character types – such as assassins and half-orcs – were removed.[82] The edition moved away from a theme of 1960s and 1970s 'sword and sorcery' fantasy fiction to a mixture of medieval history and mythology.[83] The rules underwent minor changes, including the addition of non-weapon proficiencies – skill-like abilities that originally appeared in 1st Edition supplements. The game's magic spells were divided into schools and spheres.[2] A major difference was the promotion of various game settings beyond that of traditional fantasy. This included blending fantasy with other genres, such as horror (Ravenloft), science fiction (Spelljammer), and apocalyptic (Dark Sun), as well as alternative historical and non-European mythological settings.[84]
Wizards of the Coast[edit]
In 1997, a near-bankrupt TSR was purchased by Wizards of the Coast.[85] Following three years of development, Dungeons & Dragons 3rd edition was released in 2000.[86] The new release folded the Basic and Advanced lines back into a single unified game. It was the largest revision of the D&D rules to date, and served as the basis for a multi-genre role-playing system designed around 20-sided dice, called the d20 System.[87] The 3rd Edition rules were designed to be internally consistent and less restrictive than previous editions of the game, allowing players more flexibility to create the characters they wanted to play.[88] Skills and feats were introduced into the core rules to encourage further customization of characters.[89] The new rules standardized the mechanics of action resolution and combat.[90] In 2003, Dungeons & Dragons v.3.5 was released as a revision of the 3rd Edition rules. This release incorporated hundreds of rule changes, mostly minor, and expanded the core rulebooks.[90]
In early 2005, Wizards of the Coast's R&D team started to develop Dungeons & Dragons 4th Edition, prompted mainly by the feedback obtained from the D&D playing community and a desire to make the game faster, more intuitive, and with a better play experience than under the 3rd Edition. The new game was developed through a number of design phases spanning from May 2005 until its release.[91]Dungeons & Dragons 4th Edition was announced at Gen Con in August 2007, and the initial three core books were released June 6, 2008.[8] 4th Edition streamlined the game into a simplified form and introduced numerous rules changes. Many character abilities were restructured into 'Powers'. These altered the spell-using classes by adding abilities that could be used at will, per encounter, or per day. Likewise, non-magic-using classes were provided with parallel sets of options. Software tools, including player character and monster building programs, became a major part of the game.[92]
Dungeons Dragons 2000 1080p Series
On January 9, 2012, Wizards of the Coast announced that it was working on a 5th edition of the game.[93] The company planned to take suggestions from players and let them playtest the rules.[94][95] Public playtesting began on May 24, 2012.[96] At Gen Con 2012 in August, Mike Mearls, lead developer for 5th Edition, said that Wizards of the Coast had received feedback from more than 75,000 playtesters, but that the entire development process would take two years, adding, 'I can't emphasize this enough .. we're very serious about taking the time we need to get this right.'[97] The release of the 5th Edition, coinciding with D&D's 40th anniversary, occurred in the second half of 2014.[98]
Acclaim and influence[edit]
The game had more than three million players around the world by 1981,[99] and copies of the rules were selling at a rate of about 750,000 per year by 1984.[100] Beginning with a French language edition in 1982, Dungeons & Dragons has been translated into many languages beyond the original English.[2][64] By 2004, consumers had spent more than US$1 billion on Dungeons & Dragons products and the game had been played by more than 20 million people.[13] As many as six million people played the game in 2007.[92]
The various editions of Dungeons & Dragons have won many Origins Awards, including All Time Best Roleplaying Rules of 1977, Best Roleplaying Rules of 1989, and Best Roleplaying Game of 2000 for the three flagship editions of the game.[101] Both Dungeons & Dragons and Advanced Dungeons & Dragons are Origins Hall of Fame Games inductees as they were deemed sufficiently distinct to merit separate inclusion on different occasions.[102][103] The independent Games magazine placed Dungeons & Dragons on their Games 100 list from 1980 through 1983, then entered the game into the magazine's Hall of Fame in 1984.[104][105]Advanced Dungeons & Dragons was ranked 2nd in the 1996 reader poll of Arcane magazine to determine the 50 most popular roleplaying games of all time.[106]
Eric Goldberg reviewed Dungeons & Dragons in Ares Magazine #1, rating it a 6 out of 9.[107] Goldberg commented that 'Dungeons and Dragons is an impressive achievement based on the concept alone, and also must be credited with cementing the marriage between the fantasy genre and gaming.'[107]
Dungeons & Dragons was the first modern role-playing game and it established many of the conventions that have dominated the genre.[108] Particularly notable are the use of dice as a game mechanic, character record sheets, use of numerical attributes and gamemaster-centered group dynamics.[109] Within months of Dungeons & Dragons's release, new role-playing game writers and publishers began releasing their own role-playing games, with most of these being in the fantasy genre. Some of the earliest other role-playing games inspired by D&D include Tunnels & Trolls (1975),[110]Empire of the Petal Throne (1975), and Chivalry & Sorcery (1976).[111]
The role-playing movement initiated by D&D would lead to release of the science fiction game Traveller (1977), the fantasy game RuneQuest (1978), and subsequent game systems such as Chaosium's Call of Cthulhu (1981), Champions (1982), GURPS (1986),[112] and Vampire: The Masquerade (1991).[67][113]Dungeons & Dragons and the games it influenced fed back into the genre's origin – miniatures wargames – with combat strategy games like Warhammer Fantasy Battles.[114]D&D also had a large impact on modern video games.[115]
Director Jon Favreau credits Dungeons & Dragons with giving him '.. a really strong background in imagination, storytelling, understanding how to create tone and a sense of balance.'[116]
Licensing[edit]
Early in the game's history, TSR took no action against small publishers' production of D&D compatible material, and even licensed Judges Guild to produce D&D materials for several years, such as City State of the Invincible Overlord.[117] This attitude changed in the mid-1980s when TSR took legal action to try to prevent others from publishing compatible material. This angered many fans and led to resentment by the other gaming companies.[67] Although TSR took legal action against several publishers in an attempt to restrict third-party usage, it never brought any court cases to completion, instead settling out of court in every instance.[118] TSR itself ran afoul of intellectual property law in several cases.[119]
With the launch of Dungeons & Dragons's 3rd Edition, Wizards of the Coast made the d20 System available under the Open Game License (OGL) and d20 System trademark license. Under these licenses, authors were free to use the d20 System when writing games and game supplements.[120] The OGL and d20 Trademark License made possible new games, some based on licensed products like Star Wars, and new versions of older games, such as Call of Cthulhu.
With the release of the fourth edition, Wizards of the Coast introduced its Game System License, which represented a significant restriction compared to the very open policies embodied by the OGL. In part as a response to this, some publishers (such as Paizo Publishing with its Pathfinder Roleplaying Game) who previously produced materials in support of the D&D product line, decided to continue supporting the 3rd Edition rules, thereby competing directly with Wizards of the Coast. Others, such as Kenzer & Company, are returning to the practice of publishing unlicensed supplements and arguing that copyright law does not allow Wizards of the Coast to restrict third-party usage.[121]
During the 2000s, there has been a trend towards reviving and recreating older editions of D&D, known as the Old School Revival. Game systems based on earlier editions of D&D. Castles & Crusades (2004), by Troll Lord Games, is a reimagining of early editions by streamlining rules from OGL.[122] This in turn inspired the creation of 'retro-clones', games which more closely recreate the original rule sets, using material placed under the OGL along with non-copyrightable mechanical aspects of the older rules to create a new presentation of the games.
Alongside the publication of the fifth edition, Wizards of the Coast established a two-pronged licensing approach. The core of the fifth edition rules have been made available under the OGL, while publishers and independent creators have also been given the opportunity to create licensed materials directly for Dungeons & Dragons and associated properties like the Forgotten Realms under a program called the DM's Guild.[123] The DM's Guild does not function under the OGL, but uses a community agreement intended to foster liberal cooperation among content creators.[123]
Dungeons Dragons 2000 1080p Movie
Controversy and notoriety[edit]
At various times in its history, Dungeons & Dragons has received negative publicity, in particular from some Christian groups, for alleged promotion of such practices as devil worship, witchcraft, suicide, and murder, and for the presence of naked breasts in drawings of female humanoids in the original AD&D manuals (mainly monsters such as harpies, succubi, etc.).[14][124] These controversies led TSR to remove many potentially controversial references and artwork when releasing the 2nd Edition of AD&D.[82] Many of these references, including the use of the names 'devils' and 'demons', were reintroduced in the 3rd edition.[125] The moral panic over the game led to problems for fans of D&D who faced social ostracism, unfair treatment, and false association with the occult and Satanism, regardless of an individual fan's actual religious affiliation and beliefs.[126]
Dungeons & Dragons has been the subject of rumors regarding players having difficulty separating fantasy from reality, even leading to psychotic episodes.[127] The most notable of these was the saga of James Dallas Egbert III,[128] the facts of which were fictionalized in the novel Mazes and Monsters and later made into a TV movie in 1982 starring Tom Hanks.[124][129] The game was blamed for some of the actions of Chris Pritchard, who was convicted in 1990 of murdering his stepfather. Research by various psychologists,[130] starting with Armando Simon, has concluded that no harmful effects are related to the playing of D&D.[131]
The game's commercial success was a factor that led to lawsuits regarding distribution of royalties between original creators Gygax and Arneson.[132][133] Gygax later became embroiled in a political struggle for control of TSR which culminated in a court battle and Gygax's decision to sell his ownership interest in the company in 1985.[134]
Dungeons & Dragons has, however, been cited as encouraging people to socialize weekly or biweekly,[135] teaching problem solving skills which can be beneficial in adult life, and teaching positive moral decisions.[136]
![Dungeons & dragons 2000 movie Dungeons & dragons 2000 movie](/uploads/1/2/3/9/123953554/725116607.jpg)
Related products[edit]
Pool of Radiance from 1988 was the first of many computer games based on Dungeons & Dragons
D&D's commercial success has led to many other related products, including Dragon Magazine, Dungeon Magazine, an animated television series, a film series, an official role-playing soundtrack, novels, and numerous computer and video games. Hobby and toy stores sell dice, miniatures, adventures, and other game aids related to D&D and its game offspring.
In popular culture[edit]
D&D grew in popularity through the late 1970s and 1980s. Numerous games, films, and cultural references based on D&D or D&D-like fantasies, characters or adventures have been ubiquitous since the end of the 1970s. D&D players are (sometimes pejoratively) portrayed as the epitome of geekdom,[137] and have become the basis of much geek and gamer humor and satire.[138][139]Famous D&D players include Pulitzer Prize winning author Junot Díaz, professional basketball player Tim Duncan, comedian Stephen Colbert, and actors Vin Diesel and Robin Williams.[140][141][142][143][144]D&D and its fans have been the subject of spoof films, including Fear of Girls[145] and The Gamers: Dorkness Rising.[146]
See also[edit]
Notes[edit]
- ^ ab'D&D Basic Set'. Rulebooks and Sets. acaeum.com. Archived from the original on June 24, 2011. Retrieved May 16, 2013.
- ^ abcdeMead, Malcomson; Dungeons & Dragons FAQ
- ^'The (Not-so) Secret Origin of D&D | Dungeons & Dragons'. dnd.wizards.com. Retrieved June 16, 2019.
- ^ abBirnbaum 2004
- ^ abWilliams, Hendricks & Winkler 2006 introduction
- ^'Frankly, the difference in sales between Wizards and all other producers of roleplaying games is so staggering that even saying there is an 'RPG industry' at all may be generous.' Cook, Monte. 'The Open Game License as I See It – Part II'. Archived from the original on March 28, 2006. Retrieved May 28, 2019.
- ^ abcGygax; 'From the Sorcerer's Scroll' in The Dragon #26.
- ^ abSlavicsek; Ampersand: Exciting News!
- ^Johnson, et al.; 30 Years of Adventure, p. 253.
- ^'Dungeons & Dragons Enters a Pivotal Year with Tyranny of Dragons'. Wizards.com. May 19, 2014. Archived from the original on May 21, 2014. Retrieved May 20, 2013.
- ^According to a 1999 survey in the United States, 6% of 12- to 35-year-olds have played role-playing games. Of those who play regularly, two thirds play D&D. (Dancey; Adventure Game Industry Market Research Summary)
- ^Products branded Dungeons & Dragons made up over fifty percent of the RPG products sold in 2005. (Hite; State of the Industry 2005)
- ^ abWaters; What happened to Dungeons and Dragons?
- ^ abWaldron; Role-Playing Games and the Christian Right
- ^McMartin Preschool: Anatomy of a Panic - Retro Report. The New York Times. Retrieved July 31, 2018.
- ^Waskul, Lust; 'Role-Playing and Playing Roles' in Caliber 27 (3)
- ^Slavicsek, Baker; Dungeons & Dragons for Dummies p. 268
- ^Bethke, Erik (2003). Game development and production. Wordware Game Developer's Library. Wordware Publishing, Inc. p. 12. ISBN1-55622-951-8.
- ^Tweet, Cook, Williams; Player's Handbook v3.5, p. 5
- ^ abcWilliams, Hendricks & Winkler 2006 'The Role-Playing Game and the Game of Role-Playing'
- ^Spade, Joan Z.; Ballantine, Jeanne H. (2011). 'Meso-Level Agents of Gender Socialization'. Schools and Society: A Sociological Approach to Education (4 ed.). Pine Forge Press. p. 294. ISBN1-4129-7924-2.
- ^'Encounters are to adventures what adventures are to campaigns' (Cook, Williams, Tweet; Dungeon Master's Guide v3.5., p. 129)
- ^Rouchart & Aylett 2003, p. 245.
- ^ abCook, Williams, Tweet; Dungeon Master's Guide v3.5., p. 4
- ^Rouchart & Aylett 2003, p. 245–46.
- ^Slavicsek, Baker; Dungeons & Dragons for Dummies p. 293
- ^Rouchart & Aylett 2003, p. 246.
- ^Cook, Williams, Tweet; Dungeon Master's Guide v3.5., p. 98
- ^Gygax; Dungeon Masters Guide p. 114
- ^Tweet, Cook, Williams; Player's Handbook v3.5, p. 114
- ^Mohan; Wilderness Survival Guide
- ^Tweet; Dungeons & Dragons Basic game p. 32
- ^Wizards of the Coast; What is D&D?
- ^Slavicsek, Baker; Dungeons & Dragons for Dummies p. 363
- ^The original game used 3d6 in the order rolled (Gygax, Arneson; Dungeons & Dragons). Variants have since been included (Gygax; Dungeon Masters Guide, p. 11) and the standard for 3rd edition is 'rolling four six-sided dice, ignoring the lowest die, and totaling the other three' (Tweet, Cook, Williams; Player's Handbook [3.0], p. 4), arranging the results in any order desired. 4th edition allows for a 'point buy' system.
- ^Tweet; Dungeons & Dragons Basic Game p. 24
- ^Tweet, Cook, Williams; Player's Handbook v3.5, p. 62
- ^ abTweet, Cook, Williams; Player's Handbook v3.5, p. 136
- ^'Generally, when you are subject to an unusual or magical attack, you get a saving throw to avoid or reduce the effect.' There is identical language in sections titled 'Saving Throws' in (Tweet 2000:119).
- ^Tweet, Cook, Williams; Player's Handbook (3.0), pp. 119–120
- ^Cook, Williams, Tweet; Dungeon Master's Guide v3.5., p. 197
- ^Early editions did not allow or had severe penalties for changing alignment (Gygax; Dungeon Masters Guide, p. 24) but more recent versions are more allowing of change. (Cook, Williams, Tweet; Dungeon Master's Guide v3.5., p. 134)
- ^Tweet, Cook, Williams; Player's Handbook v3.5, p. 59
- ^Gygax; Dungeon Masters Guide, p. 84
- ^Tweet, Cook, Williams; Player's Handbook v3.5, p. 58
- ^Cook, Williams, Tweet; Dungeon Master's Guide v3.5., p. 46
- ^Tweet, Cook, Williams; Player's Handbook v3.5, p. 145
- ^Cook, Williams, Tweet; Dungeon Master's Guide v3.5., p. 289
- ^Cook, Williams, Tweet; Dungeon Master's Guide v3.5., p. 296
- ^Cook, Williams, Tweet; Dungeon Master's Guide v3.5., p. 41
- ^Cook, Williams, Tweet; Dungeon Master's Guide v3.5., p. 43
- ^'A D&D campaign is an organized framework.. to provide a realistic setting for a series of fantastic adventures.' (Allston; Rules Cyclopedia, p. 256)
- ^'It is important to distinguish between a campaign and a world, since the terms often seem to be used interchangeably .. A world is a fictional place in which a campaign is set. It's also often called a campaign setting.' (Cook, Williams, Tweet; Dungeon Master's Guide v3.5., p. 129)
- ^Williams ; Dungeon Master Option: High Level Campaigns, p. 45
- ^Johnson, et al.; 30 Years of Adventure, p. 23
- ^The first Dungeon Masters Guide gave only a quarter of a page out of a total 240 pages to discussing the option use of miniatures. (Gygax; Dungeon Masters Guide, p. 10)
- ^Pope; Grenadier Models
- ^Scott; Otherworld
- ^Pope; Ral Partha
- ^Pope; TSR
- ^Academy of Adventure Gaming Arts & Design; List of Winners (2002)
- ^ abArneson; 'My Life and Role Playing' in Different Worlds #3
- ^Kushner; Dungeon Master: The Life and Legacy of Gary Gygax
- ^ abcdefgWizards of the Coast; The History of TSR
- ^Witwer, Michael (2015). Empire of the Imagination: Gary Gygax and the Birth of Dungeons & Dragons. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN978-1-63286-279-2.
- ^Grigg; Albert Goes Narrative Contracting
- ^ abcdSchick; Heroic Worlds, pp. 17–34
- ^Kuntz; 'Tolkien in Dungeons & Dragons' in Dragon #13
- ^ abGygax; 'On the Influence of J. R. R. Tolkien on the D&D and AD&D games' in Dragon #95
- ^Drout; 'J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia', p 229
- ^'Gary Gygax - Creator of Dungeons & Dragons'. TheOneRing. Archived from the original on December 6, 2013. Retrieved January 10, 2014.
- ^Gygax; 'The Dungeons and Dragons Magic System' in The Strategic Review, Vol. 2, No. 2
- ^ abDeVarque; Literary Sources of D&D
- ^The first seven listed here are the 'most immediate influences'. (Gygax; Dungeon Masters Guide, p. 224)
- ^Carroll, Bart; Winter, Steve (February 6, 2009). 'Name Level'. Dragon (372). Wizards of the Coast. Archived from the original on April 15, 2012.
- ^Peterson, Jon (2012). Playing at the World. Unreason. p. 496. ISBN978-0-615-64204-8.
- ^Schick; Heroic Worlds, pp. 132–153
- ^'Basic set'. Acaeum.com. Archived from the original on June 24, 2011.
- ^Schick; Heroic Worlds, p. 133
- ^Gygax; 'Dungeons & Dragons: What Is It and Where Is It Going' in The Dragon #21
- ^'This is not AD&D 3rd edition' Winter, Steven (in the forward to Cook; Player's Handbook).
- ^ abWard; 'The Games Wizards: Angry Mothers From Heck (And what we do about them)' in Dragon #154
- ^Cook; Player's Handbook (1989), pp. 25–41
- ^Pryor, Herring, Tweet, Richie; Creative Campaigning
- ^Appelcline, Shannon (August 3, 2006). 'Wizards of the Coast: 1990 – present'. A Brief History of Game. RPGnet. Archived from the original on August 24, 2006. Retrieved September 1, 2006.
- ^'After .. the idea of acquiring TSR began to swim in my mind it took me maybe thirty seconds to decide, We've got to do a third edition of Dungeons & Dragons.' (Adkison, Peter in Johnson, et al.; 30 Years of Adventure, p. 250).
- ^Johnson, et al.; 30 Years of Adventure, p. 273
- ^Johnson, et al.; 30 Years of Adventure, pp. 255–263
- ^'Countdown to 3rd Edition: Feats and Fighters' in Dragon #270
- ^ abTweet, Cook, Williams; Player's Handbook v3.5, p. 4
- ^Carter, et al.; Wizards Presents: Races and Classes, pp. 6–9
- ^ abSvensson; Dungeons & Dragons reborn
- ^Harnish, MJ (January 9, 2012). '5th Edition D&D Is in Development — Should We Care?'. Wired. Archived from the original on May 31, 2014. Retrieved January 9, 2012.
- ^Gilsdorf, Ethan (January 9, 2012). 'Players Roll the Dice for Dungeons & Dragons Remake'. The New York Times. p. 2. Archived from the original on January 10, 2012. Retrieved January 9, 2012.
- ^Mearls, Mike (January 9, 2012). 'Charting the Course for D&D: Your Voice, Your Game'. Wizards of the Coast. Archived from the original on December 25, 2012. Retrieved January 9, 2012.
- ^Dungeons & Dragons Roleplaying Game Official Home Page - Article (News on D&D Next)Archived July 20, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
- ^Ewalt, David M. (August 20, 2012). 'What's Next With Dungeons And Dragons?'. Forbes. Archived from the original on August 25, 2012. Retrieved August 26, 2012.
- ^Frum, Larry (May 19, 2014). '40 years later, 'Dungeons & Dragons' still inspiring gamers'. CNN. Archived from the original on February 14, 2018. Retrieved February 13, 2018.
- ^Stewart Alsop II (February 1, 1982). 'TSR Hobbies Mixes Fact and Fantasy'.
- ^Gilligan, Eugene (May 1, 1984). 'Keeping Pace with Packaging'. Playthings. Archived from the original on May 14, 2013. Retrieved September 6, 2012. – via HighBeam Research(subscription required)
- ^Academy of Adventure Gaming Arts & Design; Archive of List of Origins Award Winners
- ^'Origins Award Winners (1996)'. Academy of Adventure Gaming Arts & Design. Archived from the original on December 21, 2007. Retrieved November 2, 2007.
- ^Academy of Adventure Gaming Arts and Design; Hall of Fame
- ^Schick; Heroic Worlds, pp. 414–418
- ^Games Magazine Online; Hall of Fame
- ^Pettengale, Paul (Christmas 1996). 'Arcane Presents the Top 50 Roleplaying Games 1996'. Arcane. Future Publishing (14): 25–35.
- ^ abGoldberg, Eric (March 1980). 'A Galaxy of Games'. Ares Magazine. Simulations Publications, Inc. (1): 33.
- ^'Although we have come a long way since D&D, the essential concept is still the same, and is one that will endure.' (Darlington; 'A History of Role-Playing Part IX').
- ^Rilstone; Role-Playing Games: An Overview
- ^Schick; Heroic Worlds, pp. 223–244
- ^Fine; Shared Fantasy, pp. 16–19
- ^Darlington; A History of Role-Playing Part V
- ^Darlington; A History of Role-Playing Part VIII
- ^Grady; In Genre
- ^PC Gamer; How Dungeons & Dragons shaped the modern videogame
- ^Boucher
- ^Sacco, Ciro Alessandro. 'The Ultimate Interview with Gary Gygax'. thekyngdoms.com. Archived from the original on January 31, 2012. Retrieved September 2, 2014.
- ^Appelcline, Shannon (July 16, 2008). 'Games & The Law, Part Seven: The D&D Dilemma'. Archived from the original on May 4, 2009. Retrieved July 7, 2009.
- ^Copyright conflicts with Tolkien Enterpises led to removal of references to Hobbits, Ents and others. (Hallford, Hallford; Swords & Circuitry)
- ^Wizards of the Coast; The d20 System
- ^Anonymous (July 9, 2008). 'Kenzer & Co, D&D, and Trademarks'. Robertson Games. Archived from the original on January 18, 2010. Retrieved July 7, 2009.
- ^'Castles & Crusades is a fantasy RPG, clearly based upon the first edition of AD&D but with streamlined d20-like rules.' (Mythmere; Castles & Crusades Players Handbook (4.6 stars))
- ^ abMontgomery, Jeff. 'Ownership and License (OGL) Questions'. Dungeon Masters Guild. Archived from the original on February 15, 2018. Retrieved February 13, 2018.
- ^ abCardwell; 'The Attacks on Role-Playing Games'
- ^Williams, Tweet, Cook; Monster Manual, pp. 41,47
- ^Gagne; Moral Panics Over Youth Culture and Video Games
- ^Darlington; A History of Role-Playing Part IV
- ^Hately; The Disappearance of James Dallas Egbert III (Part I)
- ^O'Connor; TV: 'Mazes and Monsters,' Fantasy
- ^Svitavsky; 'Geek Culture' in The Bulletin of Bibliography58 2
- ^Armando; 'Emotional Stability Pertaining to Dungeons and Dragons' in Psychology in the Schools84 (4)
- ^Judges Guild; 'Interview with Dave Arneson' in Pegasus #1
- ^Rausch; Dave Arneson Interview
- ^Gygax; Gygax FAQ
- ^Adams, Aubrey S. (2013). ''Needs Met Through Role-Playing Games: A Fantasy Theme Analysis of Dungeons & Dragons.''. Kaleidoscope: A Graduate Journal of Qualitative Communication Research. 12.
- ^Wright, Jennifer Cole (2017). ''Imaginative Role-Playing as a Medium for Moral Development.''. Journal of Humanistic Psychology.
- ^Curell; Dungeons & Dragons-30 Years and Going Strong
- ^Onion; 'Bill Gates Grants Self 18 Dexterity, 20 Charisma' in The Onion31 (21)
- ^Cohen, Keler, Rogers; Anthology of Interest I
- ^Manson, Marilyn; Strauss, Neil (1999). The Long Hard Road Out of Hell. HarperCollins. p. 26. ISBN0-06-098746-4.
- ^Diesel, Colbert, Lillard: Tonjes; Interview with Charles Ryan on the 2005 Worldwide Dungeons & Dragons Game Day
- ^Diesel, Williams, Moby, Lillard, Colbert: Shanafelt; The growing chic of geek
- ^Briggs; Duncan's unusual hobby and more unusual request
- ^Diesel contributed the introduction, and both Colbert and Wheaton page personal reflections to Johnson, et al.; 30 Years of Adventure
- ^Lees, Jennie. 'Fear of Girls'. Joystiq. Archived from the original on October 27, 2011.
- ^Haberman, Clyde. 'When Dungeons & Dragons Set Off a 'Moral Panic''. The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 18, 2016. Retrieved April 18, 2016.
References[edit]
- Allston, Aaron (1992). Wrath of the Immortals. TSR. ISBN1-56076-412-0.
- Appelcline, Shannon (2006). 'Chaosium: 1975–present'. A Brief History of Game. RPGnet. Retrieved August 13, 2007.
- Arneson, Dave (June – July 1979). 'My Life and Role Playing'. Different Worlds #3. Chaosium: 6–9.
- Birnbaum, Jon (July 20, 2004). 'Gary Gygax Interview'. Game Banshee. Archived from the original on March 2, 2009. Retrieved March 1, 2007. Archived copy of the article, taken 2009-07-13: , page 2
- Bledsaw, Bob (July 1979). 'From the Sorcerer's Scroll: What has Judges Guild done for Dungeons and Dragons'. The Dragon #27. TSR Hobbies. IV (1): 10–11.
- Boucher, Geoff (May 5, 2008). 'Jon Favreau is the action figure behind 'Iron Man''. Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on May 17, 2008. Retrieved May 17, 2008.
- Briggs, Jerry (November 30, 1997). 'Duncan's unusual hobby and more unusual request'. San Antonio Express-News (Texas).
- Cardwell, Paul, Jr. (1994). 'The Attacks on Role-Playing Games'. Skeptical Inquirer. 18 (2): 157–165. Retrieved August 4, 2007.
- Carter, Michele; et al. (2007). Wizards Presents Races and Classes. Wizards of the Coast. ISBN978-0-7869-4801-7.
- Cohen, David X.; Keeler, Ken; Rogers, Eric (writers) (May 5, 2005). Futurama, Anthology of Interest I (Television production). 20th Century Fox Television.
- Cook, Monte; Williams, Skip; Tweet, Jonathan (2003) [2000]. Dungeon Master's Guide v.3.5. revised by David Noonan, Rich Redman. Wizards of the Coast. ISBN0-7869-2889-1.
- Cook, Monte. 'The Open Game License as I See It, Part II'. montecook.com. Archived from the original on April 17, 2007. Retrieved March 15, 2007.
- Currell, Latasha (September 1, 2004). 'Dungeons and Dragons—30 Years and Going Strong'. The Golden Gate [X]Press Online. The Journalism Department @ San Francisco State University. Archived from the original on November 4, 2004. Retrieved April 3, 2007.
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Further reading[edit]
- Barrowcliffe, Mark (2008). The Elfish Gene: Dungeons, Dragons and Growing Up Strange. Soho Press. ISBN978-1-56947-601-7.
- Bebergal, Peter (November 15, 2004). 'How 'Dungeons' Changed the World'. The Boston Globe. The New York Times Company. Retrieved January 4, 2008.
- Edwards, Ron. 'A Hard Look at Dungeons and Dragons'. The Forge. Retrieved February 23, 2007. An essay on the early history of the D&D hobby.
- Ewalt, David M. (2013). Of Dice and Men: The Story of Dungeons & Dragons and the People Who Play It. New York: Scribner. ISBN978-1-4516-4050-2. OCLC800031925. Includes a suggested reading list on pages 255–256.
- Fannon, Sean Patrick. The Fantasy Roleplaying Gamer's Bible, 2nd Edition. Obsidian Studios, 1999. ISBN0-9674429-0-7
- Garfield, Richard (2007). 'Dungeons & Dragons'. In Lowder, James (ed.). Hobby Games: The 100 Best. Green Ronin Publishing. pp. 86–89. ISBN978-1-932442-96-0.
- Gilsdorf, Ethan (2009). Fantasy Freaks and Gaming Geeks. Lyons Press. ISBN978-1-59921-480-1.
- Gygax, Gary. Roleplaying Mastery. New York: Perigee, 1987. ISBN0-399-51293-4.
- Gygax, Gary. Master of the Game. New York: Perigee, 1989. ISBN0-399-51533-X.
- Miller, John J. 'I Was a Teenage Half-Orc', National Review Online, October 15, 2004.
- Miller, John J. 'Dungeons & Dragons In a Digital World', The Wall Street Journal, July 1, 2008.
- Mitchell-Smith, Ilan (June 16, 2009). 'Chapter 11: Racial Determinism in the Interlocking Economies of Power and Violence in Dungeons & Dragons'. In Carley, Robert (ed.). Coopting Culture. Lexington/Rowman & Littlefield Books. pp. 207–224. ISBN978-0739125977.
- Mona, Erik. 'From the Basement to the Basic Set: The Early Years of Dungeons & Dragons'. The MIT Press. Retrieved May 6, 2009.
- Peterson, Jon. Playing at the World: A History of Simulating Wars, People and Fantastic Adventures, from Chess to Role-Playing Games. San Diego: Unreason, 2012. ISBN978-0-615-64204-8.
- Pulsipher, Lew (1983). 'Introduction to Dungeons & Dragons, Parts I–V'. The Best of White Dwarf. Games Workshop (Articles Volume II): 10–18.
- Slavicsek, Bill; Baker, Richard (2006). Dungeon Master for Dummies. Wiley Publishing. ISBN0-471-78330-7.
- Wagner, James (March 29, 2000). 'Opening the dungeon'. Salon. Archived from the original on March 12, 2005. An article about the conflict over the proprietary or open-source nature of Dungeons & Dragons.
- Studies about fantasy roleplaying games – a list of academic articles about RPGs
External links[edit]
Listen to this article (info/dl)
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- Official website
- Dungeons & Dragons at Curlie
- Off Book (June 20, 2013). 'Dungeons & Dragons and the Influence of Tabletop RPGs'. PBS.
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